Cause and Correlation in Biology : A User’s Guide to Path Analysis, Structural Equations, and Causal Inference with R. 2nd ed.

Many problems in biology require an understanding of the relationships among variables in a multivariate causal context. Exploring such cause-effect relationships through a series of statistical methods, this book explains how to test causal hypotheses when randomised experiments cannot be performed.

This complete revised and updated edition features detailed explanations for carrying out statistical methods using the popular, and freely available, R statistical language. Sections on d-sep tests, latent constructs that are common in biology, missing values, phylogenetic constraints and multilevel models are also an important feature of this new edition.